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IMSI CATCHING OVER WIFI NETWORKS: EXPOSING WIFI-OFFLOADING Introduction IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) catchers have been widely known in 3G mobile networks as a malicious device to intercept and eavesdrop mobile traffic and tracking users, considered a type of man-in-the-middle attacks. This type of attack has been aroused in wifi networks as well. Wifi networks that operate over 2G-4G protocols, better known as Wifi-offloading, has been an emerging concept adopted by mobile operators for several years to relieve the congested mobile data networks with additional capacity from the unlicensed Wifi spectrum. Wifi offloading architecture relies heavily on the mobile operator's infrastructure as the users are authenticated via their SIM/(U)SIM cards as the normal defined 3GPP mobile authentication mechanism. The architecture of wifi offloading solutions mainly consists of the wireless access point that the user attaches to and depends on the operator’s core

THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISPLAYING SSL CERTIFICATES IN A BROWSER Displaying an SSL certificate in a browser is one of the aspects of using the internet. This originally unremarkable problem has gradually become a big topic, which affects not only security, but marketing as well. Let us look at how displaying SSL certificates in browsers has developed. You might be surprised how often this changes and how much it has deviated from its original purpose. ThE BEGINNINGS Encrypting the web with an SSL certificate has its origins in the 1990s. One of the first certification authorities – Thawte – was founded in 1995 and is still very popular today. The HTTP and HTTPS web protocols for encrypted web have been with us (with forced modernization) for 20 years. Connecting to the internet was not common for computer users at the time, and web encrypting was an exception.Besides, until 2007, there were only two types of certificates – simple ones without information about the owner (domain va